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→Medieval Inventions
By the Medieval period, clocks continued to use some of the older methods, such as sundials and water clocks, while also incorporating newer methods that included escapements. Other inventions by this time also included the hourglass, which was first known to have been used by the early Medieval period in the 8-9th centuries in Germany. The origins of the hourglass, however, could be much older. The key inventions were more sophisticated tower clocks that used more advanced water clocks and hydraulics, which would wind and use torque in mechanical components to tick at given intervals, such as every hour. Early examples include the Great Mosque in Damascus and the Mustansiriya school in Baghdad. One advance came in the early 13th century under Al-Jazari, who was an Islamic scholar who perhaps created one of the first fully automated clocks and even created a clock that would have programmable automata musicians that played for guests and could be reprogrammed. Some have described this as the earliest form of computer programming. Nevertheless, by the 13th century, mechanical clocks were becoming more common, although often still powered by water to create the need motion to tick clocks. Town squares throughout Europe were also putting up tower clocks as a way for townspeople to keep track of time and to be informed of important events such as time to prayers. Both in Christianity and Islam, time became an important element in prayers and religious activities, driving much research in improving clocks and making them more audible and visible as well. This is the case in Europe with bells being now attached to the mechanical devices of clocks so that sound could be used to inform on important time changes, often the change in the hour. Most of the early Medieval developments in time thus came from religious schools and scholars.<ref>For more on early Medieval clocks and those in the Islamic world, see: Dohrn-van Rossum, G. (1996). <i>History of the hour: clocks and modern temporal orders</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. </ref>
In the 10th century, monks throughout Europe, who were particularly concerned with time to regulate their daily schedules and prayers, were experimenting with mechanical clocks more regularly, this time without the use of water. This included creating mechanical wheels and gears that would tick as gravity and use of weights and counterweights, or other instruments to power and push levers and wheels using the principals developed in escapements. The oldest functioning clock might be the clock in Salsbury Cathedral, which dates to the late 14th century and uses such systems developed (Figure 2). This uses a series of mechanical wheels that applies apply a series of wheels and the motion of the wheels is set to strike at given intervals, probably every hour. Increasingly, such devices that used gears and wheels to tick at set intervals and were used as they proved easier than depending on water clocks or water pressure and hydraulics. Throughout the 14th century, and probably as early as the 11th century, pure mechanical clocks were becoming more regular features in cities, churches, and cathedrals in particular.<ref>For more on how mechanical clocks developed, see: Wigelsworth, J. R. (2006). <i>Science and technology in medieval European life</i>. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, pg. 130. </ref>
[[File:Salisbury Cathedral clock-1060x450.jpg|thumb|Figure 2. Perhaps the oldest known working clock is the clock in Salsbury cathedral, which dates to the late 14th century. ]]
