How did Alaska become a State
Alaska is known as the 49th state, only becoming a state of the United States in 1959. By that point, however, it had been colonized, first by the Russian Empire, and settled by non-indigenous populations since at least 1730s or earlier. Alaska was known as a land of rich resources and, when the US purchased the land in 1867, it also became a key part of US national defense.
Russian Settlement
After 1581, the Russian Empire began to greatly expand eastward across Siberia. By the early 1600s, it had reached the Bearing Sea. Some sources claim that the first Russia settlement was established by Semyon Dezhnyov, a Russian explorer who was the first Russia to cross the Bering Sea. The settlement may have been near the Koyuk River near Seward Alaska. By the early 18th century, Peter the Great had begun to renew Russian expansion and colonization interests. In 1741, Vitus Bering, the man who would lend his name to the Bering Sea, navigated across the the sea and arrived near Yakutat, Alaska. Bering would eventually die from scurvy during his second expedition but his travels were successful as it showed Alaska to be very wealth, attracting fur traders and missionaries to Alaska. The first permanent Russian settlement was founded in 1784. Throughout the remainder of the 18th century, Russian colonies, mostly small and along the coastal regions of Alaska, were established. The Spanish also became increasingly interested in the Pacific Northwest in the 1780s, establishing a fort in Nootka Sound in modern British Columbia. Areas in southern Alaska, such as around Valdez, Alaska, became temporarily settled and traded with by Spanish explorers and traders, although within a few years the Spanish had effectively left the region. This prompted Russian interests as well to expand southward in Alaska. In 1799, the Fort of Archangel Michael, later becoming Novo-Arkhangelsk and later modern day Sitka, Alaska, was established as the capital of the Alaskan colonies. The old fort was destroyed in 1802 when native Tlingit attacked the fortification, but the site was returned to Russia control after an invasion in 1804. Russia efforts became more concentrated in southern Alaska. This was also a time of great expansion of Russian interests, as Russian settlers reached modern California by 1812, settling what is today's Fort Ross about 90 miles north of San Francisco.
By the 1840s, US expansion across North America increased in earnest with the American-Mexican war. California and Oregon were also soon purchased and Secretary of State William Seward stated: "Our population is destined to roll resistless waves to the ice barriers of the north, and to encounter oriental civilization on the shores of the Pacific." This signaled interested in areas north of modern Washington, although expansion into these regions had to wait until after the Civil War. During this time, the Russian colonies in Alaska were financially struggling, while Russia itself became deeply embroiled with the Crimean War in 1853. This put a major financial strain on Russia and began to find ways to raise revenue.
US Purchase
Since the late 1700s trip by Captain James Cook, British interests in the western North American increased. This did prompt concerns in the US over British interests in the region. US fur traders, originally restricted in trading in Alaska by the Russo-American Treaty of 1824, ignored this treaty and increasingly traded with Alaska after the 1820s. Native populations, particularly Aleut, were decimated by the Russians through disease and war. Russian continued to face stiff native resistance through the 1850s, with the Tlingits never being conquered and threatening key Russia settlements. Native populations, in fact, rebounded in the 1850s as Russian power declined. With the Civil War over, and Russia still facing financial problems, the stage was set in 1867 for the United States to purchase Alaska. While expansion north of Washington state eluded the United States. The United States purchases Alaska for US$7.2 million, about $132 million in 2020 US dollars. The first day the US gained power in Alaska was October 18, 1867, today known as Alaska Day. The importance of Alaska as a defensive possession was evident in how it was governed, with US Army, US Department of the Treasury, and US Navy tasked with governing the territory until 1884. In 1884, the Department of Alaska, used as the official name of Alask under the US, changed to the District of Alaska. The 1896 Yukon Gold Rush, which was mostly in neighboring Yukon, Canada, benefited Alaska as more settlers moved inland and exploration of the interior hastened. Towns along the Alaska-Canada border became established. In 1899, gold was found near Nome, Alaska, prompting construction of the Seward-Nome railway and establishment of towns such as Fairbanks. Throughout the early 20th century, mining and fishing expanded throughout the state, in particular western Alaska. The wildlife of Alaska began to greatly suffer, particularly seals and whales that were over-hunted.
