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[[File: Leonardo 1.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Leonardo’s drawing of Vitruvian Man]]__NOTOC__
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was a critical figure in the late Renaissance. Not only is he regarded as one of the greatest artists who ever lived, but he made remarkable contributions to engineering, architecture, science, urban planning, cartography, philosophy, and anatomy during the Renaissance. While some of this work was done in secret, he also was a prominent artist, architect, and engineer. Leonardo da Vinci was the quintessential Renaissance man. 

Leonardo is recognized as making a unique contribution to the Renaissance, that period of time that saw the re-birth of learning and a move to a secular worldview.  The Florentine artist and polymath made a decisive contribution to this epoch. He decisively influenced artistic trends in his own time and the later Renaissance.  His interest in science and experiment inspired many humanists to study the world and nature. While he was also a great inventor, but his inventions had little impact on his own era.

==Why was Leonardo Da Vinci important?==
[[File: Leonardo 3.png|200px|thumb|left|Drawing of Leonardo in old age]]
Leonardo was born in 1452, in the village of Vinci, outside the city of Florence. His father was a wealthy lawyer, and his mother was a peasant woman. His parents were not married, and Leonardo was illegitimate, which carried a great deal of social stigma at the time.  He could not legally bear his father’s surname, so he was named after his native village, Vinci.<ref> McCurdy, Edward. The mind of Leonardo da Vinci (London, Courier Corporation, 2013), p 4 </ref> 

While he received little or no formal education as a child, at 15, he was apprenticed to Andrea del Verrocchio (1435–1488). He was one of the leading artists of his day and greatly influenced the young Leonardo, especially in his dynamic representations of the human figure. After completing his apprenticeship, he became an assistant to Verrocchio, and his extraordinary skills became well-known. His artistic style was considered to be extraordinarily original because of his unique use of light and shade. <ref>(McCurdy, p. 34)</ref>  In either 1477/1488, Leonardo set up his studio and soon was receiving significant commissions. 

He was accused of being gay at this time, and if he had been found guilty, he could have been executed. Leonardo had the charges dropped, but his reputation suffered. In 1481 his reputation rebounded after he painted the Adoration of the Magi. This work made him famous in Florence and beyond. However, the work was unfinished because he was invited to Milan by its powerful Duke. Leonardo impressed the Duke, and he presented himself as a skilled engineer. Leonardo painted several outstanding works in Milan, such as the Virgin of the Rock. At this time, he produced one of the most famous works in all art history, the Last Supper. During his time in Milan, he also began to study dead bodies and worked as a military engineer secretly. Da Vinci also created some bronze sculptures for the Duke of Milan, none of which sadly have survived.   

==Why did Leonardo Da Vinci flee Italy?==
In 1499, when the French invaded Italy, Leonardo fled the city and stayed in Venice. Here he was active as a military engineer and drew up plans to create a series of naval defenses. In 1500, Da Vinci, who was by now one of the most famous men in all of Italy,  returned to his native Florence. Here he continued to work on several artistic projects, but he appears to have left many uncompleted.  Many of the projects from this period are only known from Leonardo’s drawings, which are considered masterpieces. In 1506, Leonardo worked as a military engineer for the notorious Cesare Borgia, who was ruthlessly carving a state for himself out of Papal lands in central Italy. 

Around this period, he painted his most famous work, the Mona Lisa. Leonardo worked on the painting for the rest of his life and took it with him on his travels. Da Vinci returned to Milan in 1506, and he worked on an equestrian statue. Contemporaneously, he continued his scientific studies. In particular, he was fascinated with anatomy, and this dramatically influenced his art greatly. During this time, he filled his notebooks with his observations, ideas, and drawings on various subjects. One common theme in his notebook is his fascination with movement, growth, and action. 

==Why did Leonardo Da Vinci move to Rome?==
In 1516, he was invited to Rome, but his time here was not that productive. While he was still esteemed as an artist, his popularity had somewhat declined. This was not surprising because Da Vinci became an increasingly reclusive figure. Still, he continued to fill his notebooks and made many plans for future projects, but most of these projects never came to fruition. 

Still, he was regarded as a genius and frequently consulted with many leading figures on both artistic issues and engineering projects.<ref>McCurdy, p 113</ref>  The French king, Francis I, invited Leonardo and his disciples to court in Fontainebleau. Leonardo became the official court painter. The French monarch also provided him with a house. In France, Leonardo continued to write in his notebooks and make plans for projects, none of which he executed. He died in 1519 at the home that was given to him by the French king.

== How did Da Vinci influence Art? ==
[[File: Leonardo 2.jpg|350px|thumb|left|Leonardo’s ‘The Last Supper’]]
During the early Renaissance, painting had advanced greatly because of great artists such as Botticelli and Verrocchio. However, Leonardo was to raise painting to new heights, and his work is intrinsically important but very influential. His work was revolutionary because it was so realistic and expressive. 

Leonardo used his anatomical studies to understand the human body and especially its actions better. Da Vinci's studies allowed him to create images of people that were highly realistic and very dynamic. The emotions expressed by Leonardo are much more naturalistic than previous artists.<ref>Hall, Marcia B. Color and meaning: practice and theory in Renaissance painting (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p 117</ref> Leonardo inspired many painters to adopt a more naturalistic approach. He wrote about his painting techniques in his widely read <i>Treatise on Painting</i>. 

Leonardo was a master of painting techniques, including chiaroscuro, which is light and shade treatment.  Many incorrectly assume that Leonardo invented this technique, but he certainly perfected it. Many subsequent painters followed his method. 

Based on his scientific studies, Leonardo was also a master of linear perspective, and he exceeded all those who went before him. He developed new ways of representing perspective, and this gave his painting more depth and made them appear more realistic.  

Perhaps his most significant contribution to the painting was developing the sfumato technique, a new way to blend glazes. This technique made the figures in a painting living and breathing subjects.  Leonardo's techniques and styles were revolutionary, and they, in particular, influenced the other great Florentine, Michelangelo. The frescoes of Michelangelo became more dynamic and expressive as a result of the work of Leonardo. Michelangelo's work changed even though the two great artists did not like each other and were bitter rivals.  

Da Vinci also inspired other High Renaissance painters, such as Raphael (1483-1520).  Da Vinci’s treatment of the Virgin Mary was very influential in the paintings of Raphael.  Among the others whose work was shaped by the great Florentine was Filippino Lippi (1457–1504) and del Sarto (1486–1531). Leonardo was also a significant influence on sculpture. His original sculptures are now lost. 

However, at the time, they proved enormously influential on the development of Renaissance sculpture. The Florentine was also interested in architecture and helped to design the cupola for the Cathedral in Milan. He wrote an unpublished treatise on architecture and produced many architectural drawings.<ref>Kemp, Martin. Leonardo da Vinci: the marvelous works of nature and man (Oxford, Oxford, University Press, 2007), p 113</ref> These inspired many architects, including the great Bramante.

== How did Leonardo da Vinci influence Renaissance science and engineering? ==
Da Vinci was fascinated by science, engineering, and mechanics. He wrote about these subjects copiously in his notebooks.  His theory of knowledge was based on the study of nature. Leonardo was also intrigued by the human body, and he is believed to have dissected up to 30 human bodies and made many anatomical drawings. 

Moreover, he was a great observer, and he made many empirical observations that were insightful in areas as diverse as hydraulic engineering and town planning. This emphasis on empiricism was radical at the time because the authority of the Church and the Ancient Classical authors was unchallenged, and the received wisdom.<ref>Randall, John Herman. "The place of Leonardo Da Vinci in the emergence of modern science." Journal of the History of Ideas (1953): 191-202 </ref> Leonardo's ideas at this time were more akin to modern ideas on science and learning. 

However, his influence was limited by the power of the Church. For example, Leonardo could not publish his findings on his anatomical studies because the dissection of bodies was considered sinful by the Catholic hierarchy. He could have even prosecuted by the civil authorities. This is why he was forced to keep many of his discoveries and ideas secret. The Florentine wrote his ideas in his notebooks using mirror writing not to be easily deciphered. 

As a result, much of his scientific achievements and observations were not disclosed until a century or more after his death. If Da Vinci had published his work on science, such as his study of the heart, he would ‘have advanced the march of science by a whole century.’’ <ref> Reti, Ladislao. "Leonardo da Vinci and the graphic arts: the early invention of relief-etching." The Burlington Magazine 113, no. 817 (1971): 189</ref> 

During his lifetime Leonardo did encourage some to privilege observation and experiment over the teachings of the Church and the Classics, which was critical in the later phase of the Renaissance. Leonardo helped to change the intellectual environment of the Renaissance to one that was much more modern in outlook.

== Was Leonardo da Vinci an inventor? ==
[[File: Leonardo 4.jpg|200px|thumb|left| Anatomical drawings by Leonardo from his Notebook]]
Leonardo was also an inventor, and his notebooks are filled with many plans or drafts for inventions. Da Vinci drafted plans for a flying machine, diving suit, parachute, anemometer, armored car, self-propelled car, and even a robotic knight. Leonardo was one of the most prolific inventors in history. None of his inventions were ever developed into practical and working machines. They remained only designs on paper, even though there were ground-breaking ideas.<ref> Gibbs-Smith, Charles Harvard, and Gareth Rees. The inventions of Leonardo da Vinci. Phaidon Press, 1978, p 17</ref> 

These ideas were not finished because Leonardo was not very good at finishing projects. He also lacked the resources to put his ideas into practice, such as his plans for a robotic knight. His designs for various inventions were too far ahead of their time and would not have been understood by his contemporaries. Moreover, the technology was not available to develop his innovative ideas. It was only in later centuries that his designs were appreciated. While Leonardo can be credited with having great ideas, his inventions made little or no impact on the Renaissance. <ref>Gibbs-Smith et al, p. 145</ref>

== What was Leonardi da Vinci's impact on the World? ==
Leonardo is one of the towering figures in the development of Renaissance and Western culture. He was a remarkable man and a genuine polymath who had extraordinary insights and achievements. The Florentine was able to develop new techniques in painting that revolutionized the art form, and it inspired many of the greatest painters of the Renaissance, such as Raphael. Leonardo had a great influence on sculpture and architecture in Italy during his lifetime and after. Leonardo was also a scientist and interested in a wide range of subjects. His scientific discoveries, such as those in anatomy, were kept secret, largely out of fear of the Church. 

However, his approach to study and his interest in nature-inspired many people to adopt an outlook that veered from the day's teachings. Leonardo was a designer and inventor of genius. However, most of his ideas remained only ideas and often impractical. Therefore, his inventions made little impact on the Renaissance.

====Further Reading====
Kemp, Martin. Leonardo da Vinci: the marvelous works of nature and man. Oxford University Press, 2007.

Da Vinci, Leonardo. The notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci. Vol. 1-3. Courier Corporation, 2012.

Da Vinci, Leonardo. A treatise on painting. Read Books Ltd, 2013.

====References====
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